Lesson Seven
Aging
Aging is a process of the various transitions we experience throughout the life cycle–see page 39.
61. Understanding the text
Paragraph 1：definitions and differences：
n aging–a process of become old throughout life
n senescence，senescent–beginning or showing signs of old age
n senile，senility–weakness of mind or body connected to old age
n ageism–stereotype of and discrimination against the elderly on the ground of / because of age
n the aged–old people
n the elderly–people approaching old age
n gerontology–the science of studying aging
1.是指…：
n A is referred to as B：Fever is referred to as a condition in which body temperature is above normal
n （We）refer to A as B：We refer to fever as a condition in which body temperature is above normal.
n A refers to B：The term aging refers to the various transitions we experience throughout the life cycle.
2.on the grounds of = because of
Paragraph 2：Theories about aging
Is there any theory that can explain all the individual variations in the aging process / why do different people show different signs of aging？
3.research / study / search / search for
4.account for = explain the reason for
5.seek to = attempt to
1.constitute = make up / compose
n What constitutes…。？ [构成 / 什么构成 （叫 /是） … / …由什么构成]
e.g. Every one wants to have a good doctor，but what constitute a good doctor？
Paragraph 3：Misconceptions about aging
2.benefit from
3.distinguish A from B / distinguish between A and B / tell A from B
4.contrary to / on the contrary / in contrast / contrast / contrast medium
5. remain / maintain
Blood pressure remained stable within two hours of drug administration and then began to fall gradually.
Temperature should be maintained between 32C and 33C during the whole process of open heart surgery.
6. A arises when…。 / because…/ because of… / as a result of
A results when … / because …/ because of / if…。
Paragraph 4：People choose how they age / It is people themselves who decide how fast they become senescent or senile.
7. It is important / necessary / essential / imperative / incredible /impossible + should型虚拟式
Paragraph 5：Factors affecting / contributing to long life / longevity （寿命：life span/ longevity；预期寿命：life expectancy）
8. contribute to… / contributing factors / factors contributing to… cf. be attributed to / attribute A to B
e.g. Apparently，increasing numbers of ectopic pregnancies can be attributed to the increased use of antibiotics and contraceptives
Paragraph 6，7： Help the elderly
9. 老（the senile / the aged）、弱（the infirm）、病（the sick）、残（the disabled / the handicapped）
10. be designed to do （其目的是…） / be intended to…
The present study was / is designed to determine whether EM expression is involved in the etiology of the condition.
11.in favor of… / A favors B / favorable （condition）
e.g. Recent evidence strongly favors the idea that E2 protein plays a crucial role in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma.
12. in their later years ≠ in their late years
6.1 Useful words and expressions in Ex. III
1. deteriorate / deterioration
2. progressive （deterioration）
3. underlying （disease）
4. clues / provide clues for
5. no longer
6. by no means / by all means
7. impairment / damage / injury / trauma / lesion
8. approximately / roughly / about
9. be toxic to / be poisonous to / cytotoxic
10. 句型：
1）倍数：A is 3 times + 比较对象，如：30 times the normal amounts
e.g. Diabetic patients have a mortality rate during the 2-year period after CABG （冠脉脉旁路术） that is about twice that of nondiabetic patients .
2）there is a long way to go before… / there may be many years before…
e.g. There is still a long way to go before scientists can find a cure of immunotherapy for cancer， the culprit of human deaths.
Mental deterioration is by no means an inevitable （result / consequence / effect） of aging， but it is common enough to be a（n）（important / significant / main / major） public health problem. It is estimated that about 15 percent of persons over 65 have some form of mental （damage / ravage / injury / impairment）； of these about 5 percent can （not / no longer / by no means） care for themselves. Approximately half of the 15 percent suffer from Alzheimer‘s disease， a disorder that is （marked / characterized / featured） by （progressive / progressing） deterioration of memory， learning and judgment. No one knows its （basic / fundamental / underlying） cause， but some clues have been found. For example， the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients may contain 10 to 30 percent times the normal amounts of aluminum， which can be toxic to nerve cells. In addition， brain cells that normally secrete acetycholine seem not to work properly. But none of these clues have yet led to accepted explanation or cure for the disease. There seems to be a long way to go （before / until / unless / after） the disease can be cured.ease. There seems to be a long way to go (before / until / unless / after) the disease can be cured
